The utility of cytogenetics in modern medicine

Historical view and application

Abstract

Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes and their numerical and structural abnormalities. In the late 1800´s Flemming published his first illustrations of human chromosomes based on his observations on a microscope. In 1953 Tijo and Levan determined the number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell. From then on, conventional cytogenetics became an important tool for physicians in the diagnosis of patients with chromosomal anomalies through the use of the karyotype. The karyotype thus becomes a means to diagnose patients and provide them genetic counseling. The purpose of this review is to enlighten family doctors, pediatricians and gynecologists and other health practitioners of the importance of cytogenetics when challenged with patients with an abnormal karyotype or dysmorphic syndrome